Database Training in Csongrád

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at advanced-level developers and database administrators who wish to use PL/SQL to develop high-performing, secure, and scalable database solutions while leveraging advanced programming techniques and integrations.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Work with complex data types, collections, and bulk operations for efficient data management.
• Develop object types, table functions, and custom aggregates to enhance database functionality.
• Apply performance tuning techniques, use native compilation, and safeguard against SQL injection.
• Implement application contexts, VPD, and secure program units for robust database solutions.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level developers and database administrators who wish to learn PL/SQL to automate database tasks, implement business logic, and develop robust database applications.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Develop efficient PL/SQL programs to automate database operations and integrate SQL commands effectively.
• Create reusable program units, including procedures, functions, packages, and triggers, for modular and scalable applications.
• Implement advanced data structures like associative arrays and manage query results using cursors.
• Handle errors robustly and secure code with encryption, obfuscation, and conditional compilation techniques.
• Apply PL/SQL in real-world scenarios, leveraging built-in packages for file handling, email automation, and other advanced functionalities. 

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level database administrators who wish to have an in-depth understanding of Oracle Database 19c PL/SQL programming and advanced SQL techniques.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the fundamentals and advanced features of PL/SQL.
• Develop advanced SQL queries to retrieve and manipulate data efficiently.
• Implement PL/SQL programming constructs to manage data and database operations.
• Optimize SQL queries for better performance.
• Use advanced PL/SQL features like collections, bulk processing, and error handling.
• Learn to debug and manage PL/SQL programs effectively.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at advanced-level Kubernetes administrators and DevOps engineers who wish to enhance their monitoring skills for Kubernetes clusters using Prometheus and Grafana.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Set up Prometheus and Grafana for Kubernetes monitoring.
• Monitor key metrics for pods, nodes, and services.
• Create dynamic dashboards to visualize cluster health and performance.
• Implement alerting strategies for proactive issue resolution.
• Apply best practices for scaling monitoring solutions in Kubernetes environments.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at advanced-level DevOps and SRE professionals who wish to enhance their alerting and automation skills with Grafana and Prometheus.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Create and manage advanced alerting rules in Prometheus.
• Integrate Prometheus Alertmanager with external tools using webhooks.
• Automate responses to alerts for faster issue resolution.
• Use Grafana to visualize and manage alerts effectively.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level cloud and DevOps engineers who wish to enhance cloud observability with Grafana and Prometheus.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the benefits of integrating Grafana and Prometheus with cloud platforms.
• Set up Prometheus for monitoring cloud-based resources.
• Configure Grafana for visualizing cloud service metrics.
• Leverage cloud-native tools and integrations for monitoring scalability.

Greenplum is an open-source massively parallel data platform based on PostgreSQL, designed for advanced analytics and large-scale data warehousing.

This instructor-led, live training (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level administrators who wish to install, configure, and manage Greenplum environments effectively, including managing system updates and libraries.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure a production-ready Greenplum cluster.
• Manage system updates and apply patches safely.
• Handle Greenplum library management for analytics and extensions.
• Troubleshoot and monitor Greenplum systems.

Format of the Course

• Interactive lecture and discussion.
• Hands-on use of Greenplum in a controlled lab environment.
• Guided exercises focused on cluster setup, upgrade workflows, and system extensions.

Course Customization Options

• To request a customized training for this course based on your environment or data platform, please contact us to arrange.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level DevOps and SRE professionals who wish to create impactful dashboards and optimize their monitoring practices using Grafana and Prometheus.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand best practices for designing effective dashboards.
• Create and configure advanced Grafana dashboard elements.
• Leverage Grafana templating for dynamic and reusable dashboards.
• Implement alerting mechanisms to enhance operational awareness.

Database is a structured system for storing, managing, and retrieving data efficiently. This course introduces participants to the principles of database systems, with a focus on relational database models, data normalization, and SQL-based querying.

This instructor-led, live training (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level IT professionals who wish to understand database management concepts, with a focus on relational database models, and gain practical skills in working with databases.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand database concepts and relational database models.
• Design simple data models and understand normalization.
• Use basic SQL queries to retrieve, insert, and update data.
• Understand key concepts in database administration and security.

Format of the Course

• Interactive lecture and discussion.
• Lots of exercises and practice.
• Hands-on implementation in a live-lab environment.

Course Customization Options

• To request a customized training for this course, please contact us to arrange.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level system administrators and DevOps engineers who wish to develop core monitoring skills using Grafana and Prometheus.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the purpose and importance of monitoring in IT environments.
• Install and configure Grafana and Prometheus for basic monitoring tasks.
• Create simple dashboards and alerts to visualize system performance.
• Apply best practices for monitoring system availability and performance.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level to intermediate-level data scientists and software developers who wish to learn about Milvus and its practical applications in various AI scenarios.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the architecture and features of Milvus.
• Implement vector databases in different AI applications.
• Perform similarity searches with high accuracy and speed.
• Apply Milvus to real-world AI challenges.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level IT professionals and DevOps practitioners who wish to learn the basics of Grafana and Prometheus.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the purpose and key features of Grafana and Prometheus.
• Install and configure Grafana and Prometheus on a Linux environment.
• Set up basic data sources and dashboards in Grafana.
• Monitor system metrics and visualize data using Prometheus.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level to intermediate-level data scientists and software developers who wish to learn how to apply Pinecone to various AI scenarios, from semantic search to personalization.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the architecture and features of Pinecone.
• Implement vector databases in different AI applications.
• Perform similarity searches with high accuracy and speed.
• Apply Pinecone to real-world AI challenges.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level to advanced-level database administrators, network engineers, and IT professionals who wish to optimize database performance, scalability, and reliability using Spine-Leaf architecture with VXLAN.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the Spine-Leaf network topology and its benefits.
• Implement VXLAN for scalable and efficient database networking.
• Optimize database workloads across distributed data center environments.
• Deploy Spine-Leaf architecture in cloud and on-premises data centers.
• Enhance network security, redundancy, and fault tolerance for database environments.
• Automate network configurations for database management using Python and Ansible.

Oracle APEX (Application Express) is a low-code development platform that enables the rapid creation of scalable, secure enterprise apps using minimal code.

This instructor-led, live training (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level developers and IT professionals who wish to build secure and scalable enterprise applications using Oracle APEX with minimal hand-coding.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Design and build data-driven applications using APEX.
• Use built-in components to accelerate development.
• Deploy, evaluate, and certify applications efficiently.
• Manage user authentication and application security.

Format of the Course

• Interactive lecture and discussion.
• Lots of exercises and practice.
• Hands-on implementation in a live-lab environment.

Course Customization Options

• To request a customized training for this course, please contact us to arrange.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level developers and database administrators who wish to use Oracle SQL to design, manage, and optimize database applications and automate tasks efficiently.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand Oracle database architecture and manage users, schemas, and permissions.
• Write optimized SQL queries for data retrieval, manipulation, and analysis.
• Use advanced SQL techniques, including joins, subqueries, and hierarchical queries.
• Design and manage database objects like tables, indexes, views, and sequences.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level to advanced-level data scientists and machine learning engineers who wish to master the use of vector databases for scalable, high-performance AI applications.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the principles of vector databases.
• Learn techniques for creating and managing vector embeddings.
• Explore indexing strategies for high-dimensional data.
• Develop skills for performing efficient similarity searches.
• Apply vector database knowledge to machine learning projects.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level developers and IT professionals who wish to learn how to leverage new features in APEX 23-24, design efficient workflows, and ensure application security.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Develop and manage APEX applications using the latest features in versions 23-24.
• Design and implement efficient workflows within APEX.
• Apply advanced security measures to protect APEX applications and data.
• Integrate APEX applications with external systems and ensure smooth data exchange.
• Test, debug, and deploy APEX applications following best practices.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level IT professionals who wish to learn how to design, implement, and manage relational databases, and how to query and manipulate data using SQL.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the fundamentals of database design.
• Learn to create and manage relational databases.
• Gain proficiency in writing SQL queries to retrieve and manipulate data.
• Understand advanced SQL concepts and techniques.
• Develop skills to optimize and maintain databases.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level database administrators and developers who wish to learn SQL to efficiently manage, query, and manipulate data in Oracle databases for administrative and operational tasks.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand Oracle database architecture, including schemas, users, and sessions.
• Write and optimize SQL queries for data retrieval, filtering, and manipulation.
• Use joins, subqueries, and set operators to work with multiple tables and complex queries.
• Perform data aggregation, grouping, and analysis using SQL functions.
• Manage schema objects like views, sequences, and indexes to enhance database operations. 

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level developers and administrators who wish to have a solid PL/SQL programming foundation to develop efficient and robust database applications using Oracle 19c.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Gain a comprehensive understanding of what PL/SQL is and its advantages over standard SQL.
• Learn how to declare and use variables and different data types within PL/SQL blocks.
• Apply control structures like IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE statements, and loops to create robust PL/SQL programs.
• Understand and implement explicit and implicit cursors for data retrieval.
• Handle exceptions effectively using predefined and user-defined exceptions.
• Develop and manage triggers to automate and enforce business rules.
• Create and use PL/SQL packages to encapsulate and modularize code for reuse and maintainability.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level data professionals who wish to learn how to design, implement, and manage SSIS packages to perform data integration and transformation tasks.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the architecture and components of SSIS.
• Design and implement ETL processes using SSIS.
• Use SSIS tools to develop, deploy, and manage data integration solutions.
• Troubleshoot and optimize SSIS packages for performance and reliability.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner-level software developers and database administrators who wish to learn the basics of vector databases, including their structure, operation, and use cases.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the concept and purpose of vector databases.
• Recognize the differences between vector and traditional databases.
• Learn basic techniques for creating and managing vector data.
• Perform simple similarity searches.
• Appreciate the role of vector databases in AI applications.

Listeners

This training is addressed for people starting to work with the SQL language in Oracle database

The course answer for questions:

• How to build a query?
• What possibilities have SQL?
• What is a relational database?
• What is the structure and SQL commands

This 2 day course gives an introduction to SQL Developer, SQL*Plus and to SQL, the Structured Query Language used to access a Relational Database and includes the new features of the latest version of ORACLE. The principles learnt may also be applied to databases as diverse as Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Access, Informix and DB2.

The course takes the format of a workshop, with a mix of lecture, working examples and practical exercises. Although the content may be customised, at least 2 days are needed to cover the core elements.

Full course notes are provided along with sample database files, example SQL files and free software tools for use in accessing an ORACLE database.

This 3 day course gives an introduction to ORACLE PL/SQL, an application development environment that enables the writing of stored procedures, functions and triggers using both SQL and PL/SQL commands.

The course takes the format of a workshop, with a mix of lecture, working examples and practical exercises. Although the content may be customised, at least 2 days are needed to cover the core elements.

Full course notes are provided along with sample database files, example SQL files and free software tools for use in accessing an ORACLE database.

Audience

All who want to improve their basic skills in Oracle SQL and also systematize already gained knowledge.

Format of the course

25% lectures, 75% labs

Listeners

This course is designed for people who want to use the advanced features of SQL in Oracle

The course answers the questions

• How to build advanced queries?
• How to create advanced reports?

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at system administrators and developers who wish to use Prometheus to monitor Kubernetes clusters.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure Prometheus.
• Monitor dynamic cloud environments.
• Gain better insight into their Kubernetes clusters.
• Set up alerts that are precise and insightful.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at intermediate-level database professionals who wish to enhance their skills in Oracle SQL development and administration.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Build and optimize complex SQL queries.
• Manage databases efficiently using Oracle SQL tools.
• Apply best practices in database development and maintenance.
• Administer user access and database security in an Oracle environment.

The objective of the course is to enable participants to gain a mastery of how to work with the SQL language in Oracle database for data extraction at intermediate level.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at beginner to intermediate-level developers and database administrators who wish to gain proficiency in SQL Server 2012 Integration Services.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Understand the principles of ETL and the role of SSIS.
• Create, deploy, and manage SSIS packages.
• Design and implement Control Flow to define the flow of tasks in a package.
• Implement Workflow and set up constraints for effective task execution.
• Construct Data Flows to extract, transform, and load data.
• Work with Variables and Containers to enhance package flexibility.
• Manage Transactions to ensure data consistency.
• Implement effective error handling and debugging techniques.
• Set up Logging for tracking and monitoring.
• Handle Slowly Changing Dimensions for managing changing data.
• Deploy a Package for production use.
• Implement Security measures to protect sensitive data.
• Utilize Scripting to extend SSIS functionality.
• Apply Best Practices for efficient and maintainable SSIS solutions.

Are you ready to take your database management and cloud integration skills to the next level? Our 3-Day Hands-On AlloyDB Training Course offers a unique opportunity to:

Master AlloyDB Quickly: Gain in-depth knowledge of AlloyDB’s powerful features, from setup to advanced integration, with expert-led instruction.

Build Real-World Skills: Experience hands-on labs that simulate real-world scenarios—practice high-availability setups, performance tuning, and disaster recovery.

Boost Your Career Potential: Whether you’re a DBA, Cloud Engineer, or Developer, AlloyDB expertise can open doors to new projects and career growth, especially in organizations leveraging Google Cloud.

Enhance Security & Compliance: Learn best practices for database security, data protection, and compliance, which are crucial in today's data-driven world.

Network & Collaborate: Connect with peers and industry experts, sharing insights and practical tips for maximizing your AlloyDB deployment.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at developers and IT professionals who wish to set up, manage, and use ClickHouse for processing SQL queries faster than traditional database management systems.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure ClickHouse.
• Understand the features and architecture of ClickHouse.
• Know the differences between ClickHouse and other database systems (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.).
• Configure user authentication, roles, and access controls in ClickHouse.
• Perform SQL queries, manipulate data, and manage tables in ClickHouse.
• Apply administrative tools and techniques to optimize performance.
• Implement custom integrations with external systems (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Apache Kafka, etc.).

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at database administrators or developers who wish to use Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB to develop and manage highly responsive and low latency applications.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Provision the necessary Cosmos DB resources to start building databases and applications.
• Scale application performance and storage by utilizing APIs in Cosmos DB. 
• Manage database operations and reduce cost by optimizing Cosmos DB resources.

Audience

• Programmers
• Beginner IT professionals

Format of the course

    Part lecture, part discussion, heavy hands-on practice

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at administrators who wish to set up Greenplum Database for business intelligence and data warehousing solutions.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Address processing needs with Greenplum.
• Perform ETL operations for data processing.
• Leverage existing query processing infrastructures.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at database administrators and developers who wish to use Hasura to build, access, and manage databases and applications efficiently with GraphQL.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Set up the necessary development environment to start building databases with Hasura.
• Build, run, manage data access and queries on Hasura using GraphQL models.
• Secure data access by setting up authentication with JSON Web Tokens and Firebase.
• Extend database functions by integrating business logic.
• Manage database migrations and metadata effectively on Hasura to prevent data loss.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at system administrators, database administrators, data architects, and developers who wish to install, configure, and manage MarkLogic Server to optimize their database systems.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to implement, develop, manage, and secure their enterprise data and database systems using MarkLogic Server.

MongoDB Atlas is a multi-cloud database-as-a-service (DBaaS) platform. It simplifies the setup, operation, and management of MongoDB deployments in the cloud.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at developers and sysadmins who wish to use MongoDB Atlas to run, deploy, and manage databases at scale through automation and simplified configurations.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Set up, configure, and access the MongoDB Atlas cluster.
• Understand the features, architecture, and advantages of MongoDB Atlas.
• Learn how to import/export, query, and manipulate data in MongoDB Atlas.
• Use Atlas APIs to automate database operations and administration.
• Apply the best practices in managing and scaling MongoDB deployments.

In this instructor-led, live hands-on training in Csongrád, we will set up a live project and put into practice the skills to model, manage and access your data using neo4j. We contrast and compare graph databases with SQL-based databases as well as other NoSQL databases and clarify when and where it makes sense to implement each within your infrastructure.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at developers who wish to use Neo4j AuraDB graph database to build cloud applications with high availability and zero administration.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Set up the necessary development environment to start developing graph database applications with Neo4j AuraDB.
• Understand the features, core concepts, and architecture of Neo4j AuraDB.
• Learn how to build and scale graph database applications in the cloud.
• Enhance cloud security with AuraDB's pre-configured authentication and encryption features.
• Migrate existing Neo4j databases to AuraDB.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at developers who wish to use Oracle APEX to develop, scale, and deploy applications faster with less code.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Set up the necessary development environment to start developing database apps with Oracle APEX.
• Understand and explore the Oracle APEX tools to build a fully-featured application.
• Learn how to create applications and pages using Oracle APEX and the Page Designer UI.
• Extend the functionality of complex enterprise apps easily with Oracle APEX.
• Optimize and scale application performance and deployment.
• Control and secure access to application data and components.

The Oracle SQL Fundamentals training course is a comprehensive program designed to equip participants with essential skills and knowledge in Structured Query Language (SQL) using Oracle Database.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Gain proficiency in writing SQL queries to retrieve and manipulate data in Oracle databases.
• Acquire essential skills in joining tables and handling complex data relationships.
• Understand how to use functions effectively for data manipulation and calculation.
• Master the art of writing efficient sub-queries to perform advanced data filtering and processing
• Gain confidence to work with Oracle SQL in real-world scenarios, enhancing their career prospects in database management and development.

The Oracle SQL Intermediate Course is designed to bridge the gap between fundamental SQL concepts and advanced techniques, providing participants with a comprehensive understanding of intermediate-level SQL operations using Oracle Database. Through hands-on exercises and practical examples, participants will delve into various topics, including table joins, summary functions, hierarchical queries, set operators, analytic functions, execution plans, and indexes.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Gain proficiency in intermediate-level SQL operations necessary for querying and manipulating data in Oracle Database environments.
• Develop a deep understanding of table joins, summary functions, hierarchical queries, set operators, and analytic functions.
• Learn advanced techniques for optimizing SQL queries and improving database performance.
• Enhance problem-solving skills through hands-on exercises and real-world SQL scenarios.
• Gain confidence to tackle complex SQL challenges and advance their career in database management and development.

This intensive training provides the fundamental knowledge and skills to use Windows PowerShell for automating administration of Windows based computers. The skills taught in this course are applicable to all Microsoft products that use Windows PowerShell for daily administration.

Training focuses mainly on using Windows PowerShell as an interactive command line interface however it also includes some coverage of scripting and programming topics.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at system administrators and DevOps engineers who wish to use Prometheus to monitor systems and applications natively or through highly dynamic microservices running in a cloud environment.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure Prometheus.
• Understand the features, architecture, and core concepts of Prometheus.
• Learn how to query data using PromQL.
• Build visualizations and dashboards with Grafana.
• Configure systems monitoring and alerting rules.
• Analyze and optimize systems and application performance.
• Enable secure integration to remote endpoints and existing systems.

In this instructor-led, live training in Csongrád, participants will learn the fundamentals of SAP ASE (SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise) Database Administration as they step through the creation and deployment of a sample SAP ASE Database System.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure SAP ASE for data storage as well as transactional operations.
• Understand and use SAP ASE components, tools, and utilities.
• Integrate SAP ASE with non-SAP ASE applications.

This instructor-led, live training in Csongrád (online or onsite) is aimed at developers who wish to use SQLite to develop embedded applications for various devices, such as desktops, mobile phones, Android TV, cameras, etc.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure SQLite on any platform.
• Understand the features and architecture of SQLite.
• Learn how to execute common SQL operations in SQLite.
• Learn how to manipulate data and tables in SQLite.
• Understand the various SQLite data types, tools, and functions.
• Perform calculations with SQLite aggregate functions.

SSAS (SQL Server Analysis Services), is a Microsoft SQL Server transactional processing (OLAP) and data mining tool for analyzing data across multiple databases, tables or files. The semantic data models provided by SSAS are used by client applications such as Power BI, Excel, Reporting Services, and other data visualization tools.

In this instructor-led, live training (onsite or remote), participants will learn how to use SSAS to analyze large volumes of data in databases and data warehouses.

By the end of this training, participants will be able to:

• Install and configure SSAS
• Understand the relationship between SSAS, SSIS, and SSRS
• Apply multidimensional data modeling to extract business insights from data
• Design OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) cubes 
• Query and manipulate multidimensional data using the MDX (Multidimensional Expressions) query language
• Deploy real-world BI solutions using SSAS

Audience

• BI (Business Intelligence) professionals
• Data Analysts
• Database and data warehousing professionals

 
Format of the Course

• Interactive lecture and discussion
• Lots of exercises and practice
• Hands-on implementation in a live-lab environment

Course Customization Options

• This training is based on the latest version of Microsoft SQL Server and SSAS.
• To request a customized training for this course, please contact us to arrange.

The course answers questions

How to build a query?

What possibilities have SQL?

What is a relational database?

What is the structure and SQL commands